The quadriga phenomenon is a clinical diagnosis characterized by reduced flexion of non-injured fingers most commonly due to an injured FDP. This article explores the pathophysiology, causes and treatment options.
1. Definition of Quadriga
2. Pathophysiology and History
3. Causes of quadriga
4. Treatment of quadriga
5. Flashcards
5. References
Definition of Quadriga
It results in an active flexion lag and "weak grip" that can be diagnosed clinically. It was first described by Bunnell3 and later by Verdan2 after a series of terminalisations and flexor tendon repairs.
Pathophysiology of Quadriga
Quadriga Phenomenon is based on the principle that excursion of the combined tendons is equal to the shortest tendon.
It occurs because:
- The injured FDP tendon becomes shortened, stiff, or adherent.
- Non-injured adjacent FDP tendons are tethered (they share a common origin) and have a reduced excursion.
- Non-injured FDP tendons cannot fully flex their respective digits.
- The injured finger develops a flexion deformity.
The quadriga phenomenon is frequently attributed to the common muscle belly of the FDP. However other factors, such as the interconnections between the FDP tendons, maybe even more important1.
Causes of Quadriga
Causes of Quadriga Syndrome or Phenomenon are:
- FDP tendon is advanced too far distally in a repair procedure in zone 1.
- Tendon graft that is too short
- A distal finger amputation in which the flexor is sutured over the tip to the extensor tendon.
- Amputation in which the FDP tendon adheres or has been repaired to to the proximal phalanx.
Quadriga and Lumbrical Plus Finger are similar but quite different. In quadriga, the FDP is overtightened or scarred resulting in a weak grip. Whilst lumbrical plus finger occurs from a lax FDP tendon and increase tension in the lumbricals causing a finger stick out when attempting to hold an object.
Treatment of Quadriga
Surgical Options for Quadriga include:
- release of FDP tendon of injured digit
- tendon lengthening
- tenolysis post-flexor tendon repair
- severing of the offending tendon to allow the other normal adjacent fingers to flex fully
Flashcards
References
- Schreuders, T. A. R. (2011). The quadriga phenomenon: a review and clinical relevance. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 37(6), 513–522.doi:10.1177/1753193411430810
- Verdan C: Syndrome of the quadriga. Surg Clin North Am 1960; 40: pp. 425-426
- Bunnell S: Reconstructive surgery of the hand. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1924; 34: pp. 259-274
