Principles

Local Anaesthesia has two main types, amides and esters. This article discusses dosing, side effects, calculations with examples.

Bone grafts are biological scaffolds and support structures. They can be autografts (patient's own bone), allografts (from a donor) or alloplastic. This article details their indications, properties and types of grafts.

Bone healing can be classified as primary or secondary. It undergoes haematoma formation, inflammation, proliferation, callus and remodelling.

A fasciocutaneous flap is raised with its skin, fat and fascia. It was first described by Ponten and is commonly classified using the Cormack and Lamberty system.