Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a severe dermatologic condition affecting >30% TBSA, triggered by drugs like sulfonamides and antiepileptics. Symptoms include painful skin detachment and mucosal erosions. Management prioritizes causative agents, supportive care, and adjunctive therapies.
Congenital haemangiomas are GLUT-1–negative vascular tumours fully formed at birth. They appear as solitary violaceous plaques and follow RICH (rapid), PICH (partial), or NICH (none) involution. Diagnosis is clinical; observe unless bleeding, ulcer, or cosmetic concern warrants surgery/laser.
Lipomas are common benign tumours of mature adipocytes, presenting as soft, mobile subcutaneous nodules. Most need only observation, but imaging (US, MRI) and excision are advised for pain, rapid growth, deep/large size, or diagnostic doubt to exclude liposarcoma.
Flap vascular compromise, arterial ischaemia or venous congestion, usually emerges within 72 h post‑op. Watch colour, cap‑refill, Doppler/NIRS. Early re‑exploration or adjunct venous‑drainage within 6 h can salvage >60 % of flaps; delays sharply cut survival.
Fasciocutaneous flaps use skin, fat, and fascia (without muscle) for thin, pliable, well-vascularized coverage. Supplied by perforator-fed plexuses, they’re classified by vascular entry or pedicle type. Ideal for trauma and oncologic reconstruction, with low donor morbidity and muscle preservation.
Upper limb cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, causing erythema, warmth, and swelling. Diagnosis is clinical and involves imaging. Treatment includes cephalexin for mild cases, IV antibiotics for severe infections, and drainage for abscesses.
Laser treatments provide minimally invasive procedures in resurfacing, scar revision, & lesion removal. Mechanisms involve collimated, monochromatic, & coherent light-targeting chromophores.
Keloids are fibrotic scars extending beyond the original wound, driven by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and abnormal fibroblast activity. Treatment involves non-surgical options like lasers and silicone sheeting, pharmaceuticals like corticosteroids, or surgery with adjuvant therapy.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neuropathic pain disorder. It involves dysregulation of the nervous system with sensory, motor, and autonomic disturbances. Diagnosis is clinical, and treatment is multidisciplinary, including physical therapy, medications, and surgical options.
Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) are caused by dysregulated vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and can be superficial or deep. Diagnosis is primarily clinical but may include imaging and histology. Treatments include propranolol, laser therapy, and surgery for complications.
Pressure sores are localized skin and tissue injuries over bony prominences, caused by prolonged pressure, shear, friction, and moisture. Treatment varies by stage, from conservative care to debridement, antibiotics, and reconstruction.
Penile reconstruction addresses tissue loss from trauma, fibrosis, cancer, and infection. The primary goal is to construct a phallus with a neo-urethra for standing urination and sufficient bulk for a prosthesis. Techniques include glans, shaft, and scrotal reconstruction.
Wound dressings vary from non-occlusive to occlusive, with antimicrobial options like silver dressings. Dressing choice depends on wound factors, and adjuncts like NPWT can enhance healing.
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. They are classified into over 70 subtypes, with risk factors including environmental exposures and genetic predispositions. Management involves surgery, radiotherapy, and sometimes chemotherapy, tailored to the sarcoma type.
An overview of congenital dermoid cysts, benign growths from ectodermal entrapment, common in the head and neck. Focus on orbital and nasal presentations and surgical management to prevent complications.
Congenital Melanocytic Naevi are pigmented lesions present at birth. This article details clinical features, management and risk of malignancy.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin arises from epidermal keratinocytes. This article details the clinical picture, treatment options, risk groups, staging and guidelines
Infantile haemangiomas are benign proliferative tumours. This article details their aetiology, clinical features, investigations and management.
Basal cell carcinomas are the most common skin cancer. This article details their aetiology, diagnosis and treatment options.
Melanoma is a malignant proliferation of melanocytes. This article details the features, diagnosis, role of sentinel node biopsy, and staging.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS)is a technique pioneered by Dr. Frederic Mohs in the 1930s. This article explores the indications, techniques & advantages.
This assesses your clinical expertise, decision-making, and management skills through an oral "viva" structure, using real-world scenarios representative of clinical practice and exams.
This assesses your clinical expertise, decision-making, and management skills through an oral "viva" structure, using real-world scenarios representative of both practice and exams
This assesses your clinical expertise, decision-making, and management skills through an oral "viva" structure, using real-world scenarios representative of clinical practice and exams
Vascular anomalies can be classified as malformations or tumours. This article details their pathology and classification systems
Pressure sores or ulcers are a chronic condition often seen in patients with poor mobility, hygiene, and perfusion to areas that receive increased pressures. This article references 22 peer-reviewed publications.
Major adjuvant oncological trials in melanoma show a significant survival benefit in patients with completely resected stage III disease, as discussed here.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory condition of hair follicles. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, biologics and surgery.
Abnormal scars can be defined as Hypertrophic or Keloid. They do not follow normal scar evolution and difference from clinical, morphological and treatment perspective.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma has 3 main staging systems: AJCC, BWH and NCNN. There is no universally accepted method.
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